How does "rule of law" differ fundamentally from "rule by law"?

The distinction between "rule of law" and "rule by law" is significant, especially in the context of governance and legal principles. Rule of law emphasizes that the law applies equally to all individuals and institutions, including those in power. This principle establishes accountability, ensuring that both government officials and ordinary citizens are subject to the same legal standards and processes. It promotes fairness, justice, and transparency in governance, which helps to prevent abuse of power and protect individual rights.

On the other hand, "rule by law" can often imply that laws are used as tools of governance to enforce state power or authority, without necessarily guaranteeing fairness or accountability. In such a system, the rule of law may be selectively applied or manipulated for the benefit of those in power rather than serving as a framework for justice for all.

Thus, the correct choice highlights that rule of law creates a system where everyone, irrespective of their status, must adhere to the law and can be held accountable for their actions, which is a fundamental aspect of democratic governance and respect for human rights. This understanding is pivotal in comparing political systems, especially when analyzing the strengths and weaknesses of different governance practices.